Offset printing, also called offset lithography or litho-offset, is a widely used printing technique in commercial printing. The inked image on a printing plate is printed on a rubber cylinder and then transferred (i.e., offset) to paper or other material. The rubber cylinder gives great flexibility, permitting printing on wood, cloth, metal, leather, and rough paper. With offset printing, the material that is going to be printed is not raised above the surface of the printing plate (like in letterpress) or below it (like in intaglio or gravure printing). Instead, it is even with the surface of the plate; this is why offset printing is considered a planographic method of printing.
Offset printing is based on the principle that water and grease do not mix. This means that a greasy ink can be deposited on areas of the plate that have been treated with grease, while areas that have been wetted with water will reject the ink. The offset plate is usually made of zinc, aluminum, or a combination of metals. The surface of the plate is treated to make it porous, and then it is coated with a photosensitive material. When the plate is exposed to an image, the coating on the printing areas hardens. The coating on the non-printing areas is washed away, leaving only the wetted metal.
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